Drill reads from and writes to data sources having a wide variety of types.
| SQL Data Type | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| BIGINT | 8-byte signed integer in the range -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 | 9223372036854775807 |
| BINARY | Variable-length byte string | B@e6d9eb7 |
| BOOLEAN | True or false | true |
| DATE | Years, months, and days in YYYY-MM-DD format since 4713 BC | 2015-12-30 |
| DECIMAL(p,s), or DEC(p,s), NUMERIC(p,s)* | 38-digit precision number, precision is p, and scale is s | DECIMAL(6,2) is 1234.56, 4 digits before and 2 digits after the decimal point |
| FLOAT | 4-byte floating point number | 0.456 |
| DOUBLE, DOUBLE PRECISION | 8-byte floating point number, precision-scalable | 0.456 |
| INTEGER or INT | 4-byte signed integer in the range -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 | 2147483646 |
| INTERVAL** | A day-time or year-month interval | ‘1 10:20:30.123' (day-time) or ‘1-2' year to month (year-month) |
| SMALLINT*** | 2-byte signed integer in the range -32,768 to 32,767 | 32000 |
| TIME | 24-hour based time before or after January 1, 2001 in hours, minutes, seconds format: HH:mm:ss | 22:55:55.23 |
| TIMESTAMP | JDBC timestamp in year, month, date hour, minute, second, and optional milliseconds format: yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS | 2015-12-30 22:55:55.23 |
| CHARACTER VARYING, CHARACTER, CHAR,** or VARCHAR | UTF8-encoded variable-length string. The default limit is 1 character. The maximum character limit is 2,147,483,647. | CHAR(30) casts data to a 30-character string maximum. |
* Starting in Drill 1.14, the DECIMAL data type is enabled by default.
** Internally, INTERVAL is represented as INTERVALDAY or INTERVALYEAR.
*** SMALLINT is not currently supported.
**** The CHAR data type is internally represented as VARCHAR by Drill.
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DECIMAL Data Type
Starting in Drill 1.14, DECIMAL data type support is enabled by default. Drill uses the vardecimal data type to store decimal and numeric data types in a compressed format that optimizes storage space. The vardecimal data type stores decimal and numeric values as variable length columns that can represent any decimal precision.
In Drill, the SQL DECIMAL and NUMERIC data types map to the java.math.BigDecimal Java data type.
Syntax
The DECIMAL data type accepts numeric values, for which you can define a precision and a scale, as shown:
Precision is an integer that indicates how many digits the number will contain. Scale is an integer that indicates the number of digits to the right of the decimal point. For example, the number 2325.67 has a precision of 6 and scale of 2. In a query, DECIMAL (6,2).
Scale cannot be greater than the precision. If you do not indicate a precision or scale, the default precision is 38 and scale is 0.
Decimal Data Type Storage Format Support
Drill can read decimal data types from and write decimal data types to the following storage format:
- parquet
Drill can read decimal data types from the following storage formats, but cannot write decimal data types to them:
- hive
- jdbc
- avro
Decimal Type Options
You can use the SET command with the planner.enable_decimal_data_type option to turn DECIMAL data type support off and on. If you disable the planner.enable_decimal_data_type option (by setting it to false), Drill treats decimal literals as DOUBLE.
Drill 1.14 introduces the following additional decimal-related options for the Parquet storage format that you can modify using the SET command:
store.parquet.writer.use_primitive_types_for_decimals (boolean)
Allows Drill to use INT32 and INT64 logical types when storing decimal values in Parquet if the precision of the value allows it. Default is true. Set to false to prevent Drill from using INT32 and INT64 logical types, as shown:store.parquet.writer.logical_type_for_decimalsIndicates the logical type that Drill should use to store decimals. The default is fixed_len_byte_array. Alternatively, you can set this option to binary, as shown:
Composite Types
Drill supports the following composite types:
- Map
- Array
A map is a set of name/value pairs. A value in a map can be a scalar type, such as string or int, or a complex type, such as an array or another map. An array is a repeated list of values. A value in an array can be a scalar type, such as string or int, or an array can be a complex type, such as a map or another array.
Drill uses map and array data types internally for reading complex and nested data structures from data sources. In this release of Drill, you cannot reference a composite type by name in a query, but Drill supports array values coming from data sources. For example, you can use the index syntax to query data and get the value of an array element:
a[1]
You can refer to the value for a key in a map using dot notation:
t.m.k
The section 'Query Complex Data' shows how to use composite types to access nested arrays. 'Handling Different Data Types' includes examples of JSON maps and arrays. Drill provides functions for handling array and map types:
ANY Type
The ANY type is a key technological advance in Drill that enables it to address late typing problems. Drill uses the ANY type internally and you might see references to ANY in the output of the DESCRIBE or other commands. You cannot cast a value to the ANY type in this release.
Using the ANY type, the parser postpones the problem of resolving the type of some value until the query is actually running. At that point, Drill has an empirical schema available for each record batch to use for final codegeneration and optimization. If the empirical schema changes due tochanges in the data processing, Drill regenerates the code as necessary.
Casting and Converting Data Types
In Drill, you cast or convert data to the required type for moving data from one data source to another.You do not assign a data type to every column name in a CREATE TABLE statement to define the table as you do in database software. Instead, you use the CREATE TABLE AS (CTAS) statement with one or more of the following functions to define the table:
- CONVERT TO/FROM
Use the CONVERT TO AND CONVERT FROM data types - Other data conversion functions
In some cases, Drill converts schema-less data to correctly-typed data implicitly. In this case, you do not need to cast the data. The file format of the data and the nature of your query determines the requirement for casting or converting. Differences in casting depend on the data source. The following list describes how Drill treats data types from various data sources:
- HBase
Does not implicitly cast input to SQL types. Convert data to appropriate types as as described in the section 'Querying HBase'. Use CONVERT_TO or CONVERT_FROM data types. - Hive
Implicitly casts Hive types to SQL types as shown in the Hive type mapping example - JSON
Implicitly casts JSON data to its corresponding SQL types or to VARCHAR if Drill is in all text mode. - MapR-DB
Implicitly casts MapR-DB data to SQL types when you use the maprdb format for reading MapR-DB data. The dfs storage plugin defines the format when you install Drill from the mapr-drill package on a MapR node. - Parquet
Implicitly casts Parquet data to the SQL types shown in SQL Data Types to Parquet. - Text: CSV, TSV, and other text
Implicitly casts all textual data to VARCHAR.
Implicit Casting Precedence of Data Types
The following list includes data types Drill uses in descending order of precedence. Casting precedence shown in the following table applies to the implicit casting that Drill performs. For example, Drill might implicitly cast data when a query includes a function or filter on mismatched data types:
As shown in the table, Drill can cast a NULL value, which has the lowest precedence, to any other type; you can cast a SMALLINT (not supported in this release) value to INT. Drill might deviate from these precedence rules for performance reasons. Under certain circumstances, such as queries involving SUBSTR and CONCAT functions, Drill reverses the order of precedence and allows a cast to VARCHAR from a type of higher precedence than VARCHAR, such as BIGINT. The INTERVALDAY and INTERVALYEAR types are internal types.
Casting Precedence
| Precedence | Data Type | Precedence | Data Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | INTERVALYEAR (highest) | 12 | UINT2 |
| 2 | INTERVALDAY | 13 | SMALLINT* |
| 3 | TIMESTAMP | 14 | UINT1 |
| 4 | DATE | 15 | VAR16CHAR |
| 5 | TIME | 16 | FIXED16CHAR |
| 6 | DOUBLE | 17 | VARCHAR |
| 7 | DECIMAL | 18 | CHAR |
| 8 | UINT8 | 19 | VARBINARY |
| 9 | BIGINT | 20 | FIXEDBINARY |
| 10 | UINT4 | 21 | NULL (lowest) |
| 11 | INT |
* Not supported in this release.
Explicit Casting
In a textual file, such as CSV, Drill interprets every field as a VARCHAR, as previously mentioned. To handle textual data, you can use the following functions to cast and convert compatible data types:
- CAST
Casts data from one data type to another. - CONVERT_TO and CONVERT_FROM/docs/data-type-conversion/#convert_to-and-convert_from)Convert data, including binary data, from one data type to another using 'CONVERT_TO and CONVERT_FROM data types'
- TO_CHAR
Converts a TIMESTAMP, INTERVALDAY/INTERVALYEAR, INTEGER, DOUBLE, or DECIMAL to a string. - TO_DATE
Converts a string to DATE. - TO_NUMBER
Converts a string to a DECIMAL. - TO_TIMESTAMP
Converts a string to TIMESTAMP.
If the SELECT statement includes a WHERE clause that compares a column of an unknown data type, cast both the value of the column and the comparison value in the WHERE clause.
Explicit Type Casting Maps
The following tables show data types that Drill can cast to/from other data types. Not all types are available for explicit casting in the current release.
Numerical and Character Data Types
| To | SMALLINT | INT | BIGINT | DECIMAL | FLOAT | CHAR | FIXEDBINARY | VARCHAR | VARBINARY |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| From: | |||||||||
| SMALLINT* | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| INT | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| BIGINT | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| DECIMAL | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| DOUBLE | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | yes | no |
| FLOAT | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | yes | no |
| CHAR | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | yes | yes | yes |
| FIXEDBINARY** | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | no | yes | yes |
| VARCHAR*** | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | yes |
| VARBINARY** | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | yes | yes | no |
* Not supported in this release.
** Used to cast binary UTF-8 data coming to/from sources such as HBase.
*** You cannot convert a character string having a decimal point to an INT or BIGINT.
Note
The CAST function does not support all representations of FIXEDBINARY and VARBINARY. Only the UTF-8 format is supported.
If your FIXEDBINARY or VARBINARY data is in a format other than UTF-8, or big-endian encoded, use the CONVERT_TO/FROM functions instead of CAST.
Date and Time Data Types
| To: | DATE | TIME | TIMESTAMP | INTERVALYEAR | INTERVALDAY |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| From: | |||||
| CHAR | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| FIXEDBINARY* | No | No | No | No | No |
| VARCHAR | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| VARBINARY* | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| DATE | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| TIME | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| TIMESTAMP | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| INTERVALYEAR | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| INTERVALDAY | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
* Used to cast binary UTF-8 data coming to/from sources such as HBase. The CAST function does not support all representations of FIXEDBINARY and VARBINARY. Only the UTF-8 format is supported.
Data Types for CONVERT_TO and CONVERT_FROM Functions
The CONVERT_TO function converts data to bytes from the input type. The CONVERT_FROM function converts data from bytes to the input type. For example, the following CONVERT_TO function converts an integer to bytes using big endian encoding:
The following table lists the data types you can use with the CONVERT_TOand CONVERT_FROM functions:
Note
The CAST function does not support all representations of FIXEDBINARY and VARBINARY. Only the UTF-8 format is supported.
If your FIXEDBINARY or VARBINARY data is in a format other than UTF-8, or big-endian encoded, use the CONVERT_TO/FROM functions instead of CAST.
Date and Time Data Types
| To: | DATE | TIME | TIMESTAMP | INTERVALYEAR | INTERVALDAY |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| From: | |||||
| CHAR | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| FIXEDBINARY* | No | No | No | No | No |
| VARCHAR | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| VARBINARY* | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| DATE | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| TIME | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| TIMESTAMP | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| INTERVALYEAR | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| INTERVALDAY | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
* Used to cast binary UTF-8 data coming to/from sources such as HBase. The CAST function does not support all representations of FIXEDBINARY and VARBINARY. Only the UTF-8 format is supported.
Data Types for CONVERT_TO and CONVERT_FROM Functions
The CONVERT_TO function converts data to bytes from the input type. The CONVERT_FROM function converts data from bytes to the input type. For example, the following CONVERT_TO function converts an integer to bytes using big endian encoding:
The following table lists the data types you can use with the CONVERT_TOand CONVERT_FROM functions:
| Type | Input Type | Output Type |
|---|---|---|
| JSON | bytes | varchar |
| BOOLEAN_BYTE | bytes(1) | BOOLEAN |
| TINYINT_BE | bytes(1) | TINYINT |
| TINYINT | bytes(1) | TINYINT |
| SMALLINT_BE | bytes(2) | SMALLINT |
| SMALLINT | bytes(2) | SMALLINT |
| INT_BE | bytes(4) | INT |
| INT | bytes(4) | INT |
| BIGINT_BE | bytes(8) | BIGINT |
| BIGINT | bytes(8) | BIGINT |
| FLOAT | bytes(4) | FLOAT (float4) |
| DOUBLE | bytes(8) | DOUBLE (float8) |
| INT_HADOOPV | bytes(1-9) | INT |
| BIGINT_HADOOPV | BYTES(1-9) | BIGINT |
| DATE_EPOCH_BE | bytes(8) | DATE |
| DATE_EPOCH | bytes(8) | DATE |
| TIME_EPOCH_BE | bytes(8) | TIME |
| TIME_EPOCH | bytes(8) | TIME |
| TIMESTAMP_EPOCH | bytes(8) | TIMESTAMP |
| TIMESTAMP_IMPALA* | bytes(12) | TIMESTAMP |
| UTF8 | bytes | VARCHAR |
| UTF16 | bytes | VAR16CHAR |
| UINT8 | bytes(8) | UINT8 |
| UINT8_BE | bytes(8) | UINT8 |
* In Drill 1.2 and later, use the TIMESTAMP_IMPALA type with the CONVERT_FROM function to decode a timestamp from Hive or Impala, as shown in the section, 'About INT96 Support'.
This table includes types such as INT, for converting little endian-encoded data and types such as INT_BE for converting big endian-encoded data to Drill internal types. You need to convert binary representations, such as data in HBase, to a Drill internal format as you query the data. If you are unsure that the size of the source and destination INT or BIGINT you are converting is the same, use CAST to convert these data types to/from binary.
*_HADOOPV in the data type name denotes the variable length integer as defined by Hadoop libraries. Use a *_HADOOPV type if user data is encoded in this format by a Hadoop tool outside MapR.
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What is Disk Drill?
Disk Drill is a powerful data recovery solution that not only brings your precious files back, but also helps ensure your information is protected against any damage. The app can scan, protect, and recover virtually any kind of a storage device. From internal Mac hard drives to external disks, iPhones, cameras, Android devices, and Kindles.
What does Disk Drill do?
A professional recovery app, Disk Drill acts via a collection of tools — including quick and deep scanning, undeletion of protected files, smart monitoring, and more. Depending on what you need to do, Disk Drill adapts and adjusts. Here's the short list of the app's capabilities:
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Is Disk Drill safe?
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It's just as safe as any built-in recovery utility. You have to be careful when formatting your drive — you'll lose the files stored on this drive — but that's always the rule. Other than that, Disk Drill is 100% safe to use.
How to install Disk Drill
To try Disk Drill you can download the free version from the official website — it will work just right for a minor cleanup.
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Is Disk Drill really free?
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Disk Drill free version only scans and lists the lost files. If you want to recover them you must pay up for $89 to 'upgrade' to Disk Drill Pro on the official website.
Also, you can unlock free unlimited access to Disk Drill Pro for Mac with Setapp membership to get full access to the app updates, and new additions.
Get Disk Drill on Setapp
Restore deleted files, backup and recover disk drives, analyze disk space, and keep all your information protected with ease.
How to use Disk Drill to protect Mac disks and recover files
We'll show you how you can restore damaged or corrupted files, replace unintentionally deleted files, manage data backups, help you eliminate unnecessary files, and provide data protection for important documents with the Disk Drill app.
Plus, the app's built in diagnostic tools, including a disk space analyzer and automatic risk alerts, can help you keep your Mac running at peak performance.
Data recovery tool
The app lets you scan any disk or partition to detect damaged or deleted data and recover lost files.
- Simply click the 'Recover' button
- Select the disk you'd like to recover from. The app will scan for corrupted and deleted files, and a series of drop down menus let you customize the search range.
- Once you've selected the files you'd like to get back, specify where you'd like to recover them to and press 'Recover' button.
Backup Mac disk drives
- To backup a disk or partition, click the 'Backup' icon, and click 'backup into DMG image.'
- Select the disk or partition that you'd like to save and click the 'backup' button at the right of the window.
- You'll then be prompted to select a destination for the backup; select a destination and click 'save.'
This backup may take some time to complete.
Cleanup disk spaces
The app helps you remove unneeded files by giving you a visual map of your files and letting you narrow down the files you'd like to remove.
To clean up a drive with Disk Drill app:
- Click the 'Cleanup' button and select the drive.
- You'll be shown a visual map, which you can refine by clicking the 'Target' icon.
- You can then select files and folders you don't need and click 'Remove.'
Get data protection
When you first start up Disk Drill, you'll be prompted to enable data protection. This will help the app keep your files primed for recovery at all times. Once it's enabled, a small shield icon will appear next to all disks in the Disk Drill window.
- To turn on data protection, just click the shield. When you mouse over the disk, a small gear icon will appear at the far right of the window.
- Click it and select 'Configure Data Protection' to adjust your settings as needed.
How to monitor SMART status (disk health)
If you enable S.M.A.R.T monitoring, the app will place an icon in your Menubar. The icon itself will display your drive temperature.
You can click the icon to see a breakdown of your selected disk's vitals.
You can check disk temperature, see how much disk space you have left, and stay up to date on your disk's uptime and power cycle count.
You can always access this information, не even if you don't have Disk Drill active; it can let you know when your disk is due for a cleanup or backup.
With its extensive suite of tools, Disk Drill has everything you need to recover, backup, and protect your files. Plus, it gives you the power to diagnose, assess, and solve issues that may be slowing down your Mac by getting rid of unwanted and duplicate files. You'll be resting easy and running faster than ever.
Questions and answers
How to use Disk Drill to recover deleted files?
To get back deleted files, you'll need a PRO version of Disk Drill — it's available on Setapp, too. Unless you have the Recovery Vault enabled, there are two ways to restore files from your internal drive: 1) By accessing your Mac in Target Disc Mode; 2) Via Disk Drill's Portable Mode.
You can also connect external devices to run a recovery on, as well as choose the files to recover manually in Disk Drill.
How to preview deleted files before recovering?
You can preview files before running a recovery in the basic version of Disk Drill — not every file is recoverable, so having a preview can be really helpful. To check a preview, you need to click on the eye icon next to the file you want to recover. In some cases, you'll need a Quick Look plugin to view previews.
How to use Recovery Vault in Disk Drill?
Recovery Vault is a useful feature that helps you avoid file loss in future. With Recovery Vault enabled, Disk Drill will remember and save metadata for all your deleted files. You can activate external disk protection by clicking on the shield icon next to it. On the next screen, set the Recovery Fault toggle to 'on' and you're all set.
What if recovered files won't open?
Disk Drill is powerful, but it doesn't recover everything. There are specific variables that can impact your recovery chances. If everything seems fine, but you still can't open the files, try to use Disk Drill's alternative recovery methods, change the file type, or try to recover an entire disk instead of a partition.
How to uninstall Disk Drill?
Open the app and navigate to Preferences > General. Select 'Remove Disk Drill.'
How to remove Disk Drill's S.M.A.R.T. Monitoring from my Mac?
If you remove Disk Drill by dragging it to Trash, its S.M.A.R.T. Monitoring feature will still be on your Mac. The easiest way to get rid of it would be to download Disk Drill installer once again and then uninstall the app, according to the recommendations from the official website.
